By G. Dunn
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20) where i and y are the vectors of means of the two groups ; that is, x' =(X 1 ,X 2, ... ,xp), y' =' This might be a proportion(s) (qualitative characters) or mean value (quantitative characters). (b) Measurement of within-group variation. (c) Construction of a measure of similarity or distance based on (a), and perhaps making allowance for (b). Making allowance for within-group variation might be particularly tricky if this is not constant from one group to another, and there is no reason to believe that it should be. First similarity and distance measures for qualitative characters will be introduced, and then those for quantitative characters. B) Plot of first principal component score derived from measurements of petal length and width. 3 Mathematical account 49 fit in rdimensions (r being less than p) is obtained by projecting the observations into the subspace defined by the first r principal components. How well this r-dimensional configuration of the n taxonomic units describes the configuration in the original p-dimensional space may be measured by the proportion of the variance in the data accounted for by the first r principal components (see next section).
